Do violent video games lead to violent behaviour among young people Essay

Do violent video games lead to violent behaviour among young people - Essay Example One of the reasons stated for this good fortune is the fact that the game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II topped Amazons best sellers list for the first time in 2009. Most people play video games because they are fun and challenging but research shows that for children, certain types of video games can lead to aggression and often violence. This violence can be towards other children or it can evolve into other forms of violence. As an example, the game, "Grand Theft Auto has been criticized for teaching teenagers how to kill policemen. Studies show that the reason this happens is because teens become desensitized and find that killing the police is something natural after playing the game. Another example brings the researcher to school shootings. The shootings at Columbine high school in Littleton, Colorado took place because Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold were playing a version of the game Doom. Video games have been blamed for a variety of crimes. As this researcher began to study this trend, there were several questions that came to mind. Do video games really create crime? If so, what happens to create this problem and What is being done abo ut it? The literature on this topic is vast because it has been the topic of several studies, many books, and many magazine and newspaper articles. Most of this literature supports the idea that video games create aggression and over time, this aggression leads to violence. Aggression can be defined as any behaviour, be it physical, verbal, psychological or emotional, intended to cause physical, emotional or psychological injury to another human being (Kirsh, 2006 p. 10). In our society, this definition can be seen in many television programs whether they are cartoons, other childrens programs or general television shows. As an example, programs like CSI and Dexter continue to be very popular shows because people like the voyeuristic view they have of violence that these

Business Project Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business Project - Dissertation Example The company is also known for its innovation strategies, such as ThinkPad. The company currently employs a total of around 27,000 employees worldwide. The company sells its products in nearly 160 countries and specifically targets the technological markets by way of manufacturing various innovative technology products, which outsells in the market as compared to many of its competitors. The company has been able to gain all round market recognition and popularity. The products manufactured by the company are considered to be of high quality and is widely sold in the global market. The company has also been able to establish itself as a well-known brand in the global market (Schuman, 2009). This paper entails a detailed study about the key factors concerning about the company’s competitive position in the global marketplace. The industrial position acquired by the company in the present marketing scenario, along with its past performances will also be reviewed in the further di scussion of this paper. The discussion in this paper will also encompass various subjects relating to cross-cultural issues that persist in the working environment of Lenovo. The project will highlight upon all those factors that will represent the company’s current position in relation to various aspects, such as balancing pressures that occur while managing different activities in a large-sized multinational company including marketing and sales, financing activities, supply chain processes and other activities related to administration and support. The report will also emphasise various activities relating to the corporate social responsibility of the company performed to suffice the need of the overall society. It will also highlight those factors, which relates to the profitability of the company and the various procedures that the company can follow in order to raise the profitability and also for fulfilling the demands of the consumers. This paper would thus provide a great aid to acquire a detailed outlook about the actual operations and management policies of the company and help in assessing the actual position of the company in terms of various factors including its financial position, output ratio, level of competency along with its market positioning among various other factors. Chapter 1: Lenovo’s Competitive Position in Its Various Markets In this section, all those aspects that are associated with the competency levels of the company in the global markets will be studied. This part will rigorously analyse the company’s present position and the degree of its stability, as compared to the other players of the global consumer technology industry. From a generalised point of view, reviewing the current trends in the global consumer technology industry, the company is seen to have a favourable position. The company is a renowned business firm with a huge customer base. Reviewing the strategies of the company, it can be observed that Lenovo’s organisational leadership framework is well versed with the demands of the customers, moving in parallel to the ever increasing demands and following numerous processes of advancement in the features of its products. Accordingly, the company has

Deat Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations Essay Example for Free

Deat Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations Essay They would do this not as a means of benefiting society, but in an effort to outperform their competitors and gain the greatest profit. But all this self-interest would benefit society as a whole by providing it with more and better goods and services, at the lowest prices. To explain why all society benefits when the economy is free of regulation, Smith used the metaphor of the â€Å"invisible hand†: â€Å"Every individual is continually exerting himself to find the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It this own advantage, and not that of society, which he has in mind, but he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote and end which was no part of his intention, for the persuade of his own advantage necessarily leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to society. † The â€Å"invisible hand† was Smith’s name for the economic forces that we today would call supply and demand, or the marketplace. He sharply disagreed with mercantilists who, in theft quest for a â€Å"favorable balance of trade,† called for regulation of the economy. Instead, Smith agreed with the physiocrats and their policy of â€Å"laissez faire† letting individual and businesses function without interference from government regulation of private monopolies. In that way, the â€Å"invisible hand† would be free to guide the economy and maximize production. The Wealth of Nations goes on to describe the principal elements of the economic system. In a famous section, Smith turned to the pin industry to demonstrate how the division of labour and the use of machinery increased output. One man draws out the wire, another straights it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head; to make the head requires two or three distinct operations. † Also modern technology has improved the methods by which pins are produced; the principles pertaining to the division of labour remain unchanged. Similarly, other section dealing with the factors of production, money and international trade are as mea ningful today as when they were first written. You can see, therefore, hat Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence and Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations have more in common that a birthday. More importantly, both contain some of the best descriptions of the principles upon which our political and economic systems are based. 2. Comprehension 2. 1. Fill in the gaps with the necessary prepositions. 1. The year of 1776 associates †¦ the signing †¦ The Declaration †¦ Independence. 2. It earned the author the title â€Å"the father †¦ economics,† Smith objected †¦ the principal economic believes †¦ his day. 3. He disagreed †¦ the mercantilists who measured the wealth of a nation †¦ its money supply, and who called †¦ government regulation of the economy †¦ order †¦ promote a â€Å"favorable balance †¦ trade. † 4. It this own advantage, and not that †¦ society, which he has †¦ mind, but he is in this, as †¦ many other cases, led †¦ an invisible hand to promote and end which was no part of his intention, †¦ the persuade †¦ his own advantage necessarily leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to society. 5. †¦ that way, the â€Å"invisible hand† would be free †¦ guide the economy and maximize production. . Also modern technology has improved the methods †¦ which pins are produced; the principles pertaining †¦ the division †¦ labour remain unchanged. 7. Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration †¦ Independence and Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations have more †¦ common that a birthday. 8. Both contain some †¦ the best descriptions †¦ the principles †¦ which our political and economic systems are based. 2. 2. Answer the questions to the text. 1. When and where was The Wealth of Nations by A. Smith published? 2. What is a famous nickname of Adam Smith and why? 3. What economic issues did Adam Smith deny? 4. What does a nation’s wealth depend upon according to A. Smith? 5. What was the heart of his economic philosophy? 6. In what way did he explain why society benefits when the economy is free of regulation? 7. What is â€Å"invisible hand† in the text? How do we call it today? 8. What physiocrats’ policy did Smith agree with? 9. What is described in Adam Smith’s â€Å"The Wealth of Nations†? 10. How can the division of labour and the use of machinery increase output according to Smith? 11. Is there anything common in Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence and Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations? 2. 3. Find in the text English equivalents for: , 3. Lexico-grammatical exercises 3. 1. Find out the correspondent definition to the given English business colloquialisms. Give the Ukrainian variants. Make up a dialogue about your business using 5 of the given English business colloquialisms. ColloquialismDefinition All in everything included in the price Big notesa very important person Book of wordsgenerally

The Phenomenon Of Gated Communities Cultural Studies Essay

The Phenomenon Of Gated Communities Cultural Studies Essay This paper explores the subject of gated communities being a globally prevalent urban or quasi-urban form: which relatively recently have rapidly become widespread within Polish cities. The authors interest in studying the topic arose from a genuine concern over the future of metropolitan layouts and how they are worryingly being determined by the rising number of fortified enclaves. The tendency of enclosing communities does not only apply to new housing, but also existing streets, apartments built in the past, standalone buildings, and whole residential districts. Blakely and Snyder (1999) describe these communities as a new form of discrimination, an economical one. Earlier, ones social status has been asserted by the architectural density of parts of the city and architectural ornamentation of the buildings. However, gated communities are heading one step further underlining the economical segregation by creating physical barriers defending the accessibility, privatise the public space and social living aspects such as safety (private security instead of police care), educational and communal service. More often inhabitants of those housing estates sweep past through their secured public spaces to similar ones in their work place, mega stores, or recreational centres. Gated communities are creating a new, private world which turns into an insular environment (Zaborska 2006). Alternatively, Jacek GƦdecki (2009: 25) believes that a fine line should be established between global and local processes, as there are GC examples which faultlessly adapt to their local: urban, social, economic and cultural conditions and are frequently well perceived. Using both descriptive and predictive approaches the subject has been investigated through gathered literature, resident interviews, analytical research of existing gated communities in Poland and case studies of existing gated communities in Poland, which the author has personally examined through frequent site visits and numerous examples of daily press columns in which the discourse has grown greatly over the past decade. The reader has to acknowledge that the bountifulness and ambiguity of local and international discourses illustrate that Gated Communities come into existence from diverse rationales and are creating different types of social realities (GƦdecki 2009: 66) Therefore, the authors aim is to prove that living in an enclosed community in Poland creates only an illusion of safety, and that building fortresses is turning away from the real problem. The middle class living amongst themselves stops grasping concerns the whole society should deal with. Building an enclosed world, ghettos available for selected citizens, elite housing estates, where admission is forbidden to lower social classes, which in effect could lead to the growing frustration among the lower class. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) I got a letter today, a letter from a friend He writes mate, youve betrayed, gained a pile of cash and weight You no longer travel by tram, times have changed so much I guess you dont remember me anymore, apparently you live in luxury You must have forgot, whats a crowded bus like (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staszczyk, Z. (1997): T.Love Komercja (Commercialism) PHENOMENON ORIGINS The common definition of gated communities refers to a physical area seceded off its urban context with fenced or walled barriers and access routes patrolled by an around the clock security (Landman 2000). Although the elements separating these enclaves from the outside world are comparable, the basis for this happening is not common and is directly related to its setting (GƦdecki 2009: 66). Blakely and Snyder (1999) describing the growing number of enclosed communities in USA, named three types, different because of the inhabitancy motif and type of habitants: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lifestyle- inhabited by people living in a specified lifestyle (for instance: golf enthusiasts, retired people etc.)- designed for giving wealthier people amenities they could not find elsewhere à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Prestige- underlining the adhesion to a higher class à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Security- creating a feeling of physical and social safety GƦdecki (2009: 23) citing Landman uses the category of race and power when explaining the spread of GCs in apartheid. This is one of the most extreme examples, as these are a by-product of a totalitarian regime in which people were forced to separation rather than the indicated being a matter of choice. However, the appearance and investigation of gated communities does not relate solely to North American countries. In 1980s and 1990s this new movement started reaching large European cities of Spain, France and Portugal, as well as South African, Chinese, Central and Eastern European metropolises (PolaÅ„ska 2010: 423). In the latter, the reason for gating enclaves happening and the urban economic transformation had a close relation to the 1989 collapse of the Communist-led administrations and socio-political transformation to post-communist / capitalist systems. The economic conversion from command economy towards a free market orientated, thereby the upward importance and rapid enrichment of middle and upper class citizens and more visible cleavages between the rich and the poor (PolaÅ„ska 2010: 421), materialized in the ubiquitous quasi-urban form of Gated Communities. It has been over twenty years since the Capitalist system has been introduced in Poland. In numerous articles and publications, one can observe the tendency of typecasting the communist state as the bad and the capitalist as good, whereas good and bad sides can be distinguished in both. Therefore, the past two decades and the current states condition needs reflecting upon some unfulfilled expectations and unwanted changes in societys behaviours, inherently associated with its political transformation. Architectural propensities of XX century Poland, before the 1939 Third Reich armed conflict and immediately following USSR aggression under the Ribbentrop-Molotov alliance covenant, were not exceptionally different from European tectonic tendencies. Instantly after the occupation of Warsaw, Nazi Germany introduced the Pabst Plan. Performed under the leadership of the newly appointed Chief Architect Friedrich Pabst, the novel development plan anticipated demolition of the majority of the capitals built environment to transform it into a provincial town with the sole purpose of being a centre for the German elite and a strategic transport hub. The five-year German occupation led to the demolition of entire neighbourhoods and Polish cultural monuments (NDAP: 2011), as well as the destruction of communities by forcing certain members of society into enclosed ghettos and slums. The Countrys revival came with the end of II World War under the Soviet sphere of influence (Majewski, n.d.). This coincided with the introduction of socialist realism to Poland. Originated in 1930s the soviet art movement socialist realism became the only legitimate method of artistic creation exhibiting and applauding comrade ideologies, thereby becoming one of the main Communist parties propaganda tools (MordyÅ„ski 2006: 4). This politically radical movement has been initially introduced by BolesÅ‚aw Beirut the first leader of the Peoples Republic of Poland and the head of state from 1947 during the 1949 PZPR (Polish United Workers Party) Warsaw Conference, during which the Six-year plan for Warsaws reconstruction has been announced. The capital reconstructed during the interwar period has been described as unfortunate, because built to satisfy each tenement house owners lust of wealth, whereas the owner himself, as an exploiter and speculator, peoples antagonist opposing the forming of the new Warsaw as the capital of the socialist state. The proletariat supporters proclaimed patronage over the oppressed workers class by putting the perfect city plan into effect and improving their purportedly poor pre-war living conditions. States main objective became the salvage of its commons, forced to inhabit deprived of light basement apartments and top tenement stories facing gloomy courtyards in favor of the capitalist bourgeoisie all inclusive first floor flats. The establishment of the societys new socialist realism order depended upon undertaking drastic changes in the urban built form. A great number of survived historic tenement houses, which endured the II World War air bombardment of Nazi Germany planes and Pabst Plan cleansing, have been scheduled for demolition to make way for the implementation of realistic works of architecture, corresponding to the high culture and art of socialism, material and spiritual needs of the nations development (MordyÅ„ski 2006: 3-4). Interacting and radiating the whole country will accelerate and intensify the creative effort of socialist construction in the remotest and most neglected neighborhoods and parts of the state. BolesÅ‚aw Bierut From: Marzenie o idealnym mieņºcie Warszawa socrealistyczna (The dream of a perfect city social realistic Warsaw) (2006) (translation: Author) However, the decimation of a great part of eclectic, art nouveau and inter-war edifices was not the only transition the new socialist society had to face. Along with the introduction of the autonomous directive certain behavioural habits were planned to be imposed on future inhabitants. It was believed that the cities urban built form needed to fulfil solely the realistic needs of their occupants. The capitalist individualism has been openly criticized, which became most apparent in both city planning and individual residential layouts. The new Warsaw cannot be a repetition of the former. It cannot be only merely improved, or become a revised repetition of the prewar community of private interests of the capitalist society BolesÅ‚aw Bierut (1949) The dream of a perfect city social realistic Warsaw (2006) (translation: Author) In this manner, the socialist realism clique endeavoured to create truly inspiring urban settings, spaces of communal interaction filled to the brim with public squares, culture houses, public dining rooms, arcades and colonnades, opposed to cramped tenement houses apartments void of cooking, laundry and drying facilities emphasising the elevated ranks of its novel social movement with its monumentality, and at the same time despotically dictating national collectiveness. Therefore the quest for rooting the national familiarity met with great public criticism. The social realist vision of a unified state has been withdrawn when the communist demiurges realised their failure in communicating socialist characteristics of processes occurring in life, or life processes that are not perfectly socialist. (MordyÅ„ski 2006: 5-8). The social realist thaw in the communist bloc countries followed the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953. Stalinist dictatorship, cult of personality and the total submission of USRR polity have been criticized by the new The Central Committee of Polish United Workers Party leader- Nikita Khrushchev. Berated form of mastery has been sentenced to the Orwellian evaporation in the commanders 1956 Personality Cult and its Consequences paper, which called for the continuity of the autonomous state system, exclusive of the condemned citizen/fellow dignitary terror governance and courteous coexistence of communist and capitalist worlds. (Tomaszewska: n.d.) The reprove of the cult of personality along with the socialist functionalism ideology in search of an alternative to the extremely expensive architecture of socialist realism, unable to cope with the increasing demand for residential buildings, has found reflection in modernist planning and mass-produced prefabricated architecture. Thereafter, multi-storey concrete slab estates began to dominate the majority of Polish cities skylines, thus rising to the occasion and repairing the housing shortage situation, as well as becoming the novel urban form showcasing the socialist pursuit of civilians living conditions uniformity and standardization (Wieteska 2007). Ironically, the example comes from the top saying was not applied in spreading the social classless ideology, where the party nomenclature voluntarily isolated themselves from the rest of the society by inhabiting closed off palaces and fenced edifices (GƦsior-Niemiec: 2007 et al.). These estates were and still are in disrepute for their crowded layouts, poor quality concrete construction caused by the accelerated process of hardening and inefficient thermal properties (Semczuk: 2010). Despite this, one needs to acknowledge that its creation was the best solution at the time to the housing shortage in a country tumbled-down by perpetual wars and occupations. The hitherto flourishing construction sector stalled due to 80s economic crisis. Failure in repaying foreign loans taken in Western countries, by implication foreign debt growth, stalled a great number of domestic investments. Deteriorating housing market, working conditions and rocketing goods prices caused a flurry of protests, which subsequently led to the formation of the Solidarity union. This succession of events forced the Communist Party to conduct negotiations, resulting in the 1989 cessation of dominance and transfer of power to the reactivated chamber of deputies and presidency (Madej: 2005). Transformation of the political system, foreign capital inflow and newly introduced law amendments, mainly citizenship and establishment freedom, allowed the replacement of the heavily indebted state-building co-operatives with private property companies. Moving away from the ubiquitous communist times typification, the diversity of available built materials and developed technology has allowed for the implementation of various architectural concepts (Communist times construction: 2010). Majewski (n.d) distinguished three stages in the history of Polish architecture after the fall of communism. In the first period, a vast quantity of buildings designed by Western architects was built. The small group of emerged developers sought to achieve rapid return on their investment; therefore these buildings are characterized by poor quality of workmanship and the use of building materials. The second period was characterized by the growth and stabilization of the countrys economy. Hence the e mergence of many new development agencies and a range of architectural design companies to choose from. Third near the end of the 90s the economy continued to grow strong and became brimful of large scale developers. Companies exposed to construction sector competition were forced to introduce more attractive offers and marketing promotions in order to acquire new customers. PolaÅ„ska (2010: 427) remarks the stereotypical classification used: the tendency of negatively portraying the old as the time of contemporarily loathed prefabricated concrete slab estates and the new as the period of residential wealth and freedom. GƦsior-Niemiec (2007:6) on the other hand juxtaposes this fact with citizens growing income and statutory disparities, lack of confidence in the states inefficiency and inability to ensure security. As a consequence the capitalist system and its social stratification and secure lifestyle have been introduced in the form of Gated Communities. According to Katarzyna Zaborska (2006) the main reason for fencing the communities in Poland is the exigency of security. Enclosed fenced enclaves could be the reaction to long years of regnant communism, when personal ownership was stigmatized, and is coming back in an exaggerated form of fortified apartments. The propensity of Communist Poland was to merge social layers in communal apartments, which fuelled growing frustration and could be another factor that triggered the exigency of isolation and underlining affiliation to a higher social category. Coexistence of areas inhabited by people with different incomes results in the feeling of endangerment within wealthier citizens. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) When Im looking in your eyes, which are so tired as mine Im loving this city, which is tired as I Where Hitler and Stalin did their stuff (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staszczyk, Z. (1994): T.Love Warszawa (Warsaw) URBAN SUSTAINABILITY AT RISK The public realm is defined as all those areas that are publicly owned and unreservedly accessible to citizens, generally at all times of the day and night (Ritzer: 2007). Tridib Banerjee (2007: 155) citing Lynch defines these territories as ones being accessible both physically and psychologically, consecutively underlining how vital such spaces are in creating successful urban environments, merrily and constantly occupied by the public. In this context and specifically with regard to the fact that a great deal of human occupation and interaction occur around and within: streets, lanes, routes, paths, parks, open spaces as well as public and civic buildings, one would anticipate coherent and legible movement strategies within and across urban blocks. Unfortunately, in the absence of adequate capital funds, by implication failure to provide sufficient city expansions, the majority of Central and Eastern European states had to rely on private sector financial support. (GƦdecki: 2009 et al.) In her paper, PolaÅ„ska (2010) aptly grasps the lost boundary between public and private spaces in connection with Polands socio-political and economic revolution. The abolishment of the Communist regime inevitably transformed the heretofore equal societys social status to a novel social stratification. This public cleavage profoundly underlined public position inequalities between individuals, consequently stretching social distances, in effect: triggering the feeling of hostility amongst lower and upper class citizens. In this manner, Jane Jacobs (1961) social capital theory relating to the significance of relationships and interactions in order to create a strong sense of community has been altered significantly. The term social capital refers to a network of collective bonds inscribed in the social structure of a community. The author stresses the importance of these social interactions and their contribution to shaping neighborhood connections, trust, everyday sociability and most importantly diversity (Jacobs: 1961). In the case of gated communities, the spread of this citizenship co-operation and collective responsibility is being limited spatially, by detaching whole residential districts from their urban fabric with the creation of a physical barrier in the form of a fence, as well as mentally by limiting the development of social diversity through the creation of enclaves only available to higher social status representatives. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Our neighborhood stands as it used to So many of us became poor herein Our city stands as it used to Busy by day, few by night Separately rather, yet collectively In one apartment, like kamikaze We dont suffer from money or power Yet this collectively does our heads in Staszczyk, Z. (2006): T-Love Ã…Å ¡cierwo (Carcass) The rapid social class transformation in terms of cultural preferences, work, consumption and rest models of the neo-liberal middle class citizens has been widely described by GƦdecki (2009: 103) whilst analyzing the swift widespread of Gated Communities in Poland. To describe these changes the author refers to the processes of gentrification and suburbanization. The first term has been originally used in American urban sociology to depict the prompt economical, social and cultural character change of a citys section, usually from a residential area inhabited by a miscellaneous range of tenants to an area predominantly occupied by higher class individuals. The latter relates to the middle class depopulation of city centers in favor of the expansion of suburban areas resulting from the development of transport infrastructure and the perception of suburban modernity in contrast to city centre lower class orthodoxy (GƦdecki: 91). Curiously, GƦdecki (2009 : 106) citing Neil Smith considers that the driving forces of these processes are not so much class transformations, but discrepancies between actual and potential land values (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106). These discrepancies gave development agencies the opportunity to seek reimbursement for the expansion of otherwise derelict city parts. The author noticed that publicly funded urban development of cities serves to mobilize and develop the real estate market (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106), as well as that these processes have no affect on social diversity, but instead allow to take control of citys political and cultural economy (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106) and take the attention away from fundamental issues such as: land ownership and property value speculations (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106). This free market opportunity, lack of adequate planning regulations, increasing fear of crime, caused by the lack of confidence in the capacity of the state to protect its citizens, consequently amplified protection endeavour, has been spotted and exploited by housing developers and relapses in the shape of private clubs for selected citizens. Increasing validity of development companies involvement and contribution (Madanipour: 2007 [1998]) together with failure in introducing reputable Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) programme as well as theories such as Oscar Newmans Defensible Space (1996), has led to privatisation of space at unprecedented before scale. Over the past decade the increasing privatisation of space in the form of gated enclaves has been one of the main discourse topics amongst architectural, urban and sociological loops of Polish society. In many instances it has been pejoratively compared to a contemporary form of ghettos (GƦdecki: 2009, Zaborska: 2006 et al.). This rundown section of cities has been extensively depicted in Martyna Obarskas essay (2008), in which the author uses Calimanis The History of Venetian Ghetto (2002) and eventually San Gerolamo as an example of a space completely separated from the citys context , where admittance was supervised by specially hired forces. Interestingly, not all inhabiting Jews negatively perceived the forming of ghettoes. On many occasions a closed off district has been associated with security, protecting the occupants from Christians discrimination, and where individuals choices have not been stigmatized. All Jews should live together in a housing quarter, such as the Ghetto near San Gerolamo. They should not walk around by night too. From inside of the ghetto, where the small bridge is positioned and its opposite side, two gates will be erected. They will be open able at dawn at the sound of the Maragon and closed by night, at midnight. The inhabitants will need to designate and pay a fee to four Christian guards to operate these [gates Author] San Gerolamo, Ghetto Decret: 1515 Calimani, R. The History of Venetian Ghetto (2002) Historically and conceptually closer to Poland is the Warsaw Ghetto the symbol of oppression and suffering of the Warsaw Jews. Formed within allocated city districts and separated from the rest of the city with an elevated wall during the II World War by the Nazi occupational authorities. This is the time when ghetto became the synonym of ignorance, filth and squalor and the thought horizons narrowness. Castellino (2005) remarks how the meaning of the term ghetto changes dramatically at different points of history. Although this words undertone has always been pejorative, the rationale behind forming ghettos in early Venetian times cannot be put on a par with them being ingloriously created during the governance of the Nazi regime during II World War. The Author believes that the term gated communities needs to be assessed against local rationales, as its undertone can recall more affirmative connotations in some urban settings, similarly to the two presented ghetto precedents. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the passion for improvisation, which demands that space and opportunity be at any price preserved. Buildings are used as a popular stage. They are all divided into innumerable, simultaneously animated theatres. Balcony, courtyard, window, gateway, staircase, roof are at the same time stages and boxes. Walter Benjamin One Way Street, 1924 THE NEW TREND (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Concrete slab estates Everyday I stand stock-still How can you build this s*** How can you breed And than not reign Over this bunch, that snuffels the same (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staszewski, K. (2000): Kazik Chcem piwa! (I want beer!) The fashion for enclosed communities seem to gain new believers. Quiet green, The beech manor, Sky blue cirque, Sunny slope, Green apartment- these are some names that the developers want to lure their potential customers with, names that conjoin with a safe and happy living, a green garden, fun circus for your children and an equivalent comrades. But are those expectations being fulfilled? Or is this only a catchy marketing slogan that the developers happily use? According to the internet site Tabelaofert.pl the majority of new apartments on the market are situated on enclosed areas. Only in Warsaw (1.7 million citizens) on 106 available estates, 81 are fenced (69 of them are being guarded round the clock). The case looks differently in other large cities. In Wroclaw (0.8 million citizens) 18 in 31 investments are enclosed, Gdynia (0.4 million citizens)- 9 out of 16, Gdansk (0.6 million)- 11 out of 24 ( Poznan (0.8 million)- half of 16 new investments. Surprisingly, in the cultural capital of Poland, and the second largest city- Cracow (population of 1.2 million)- only 3 out of 14. These numbers actually confirm the states capitals citizens snobbish mind-set, feeling of being above other parts of the country and by implication- having the necessity of guarding their belongings from the conquest of citizens originated in other parts of Poland. Is there a new trend? Which social layers inhabit gated communities? How gated communities are being perceived? How gated communities in Poland are being advertised / marketed? Sympathetic naming of these developments to be highlighted (Quiet Green, The Beach Manor, Sky Blue Cirque, Sunny Slope, Green Apartment etc.) Costs of living in gated communities in Poland / How does it compare to the per capita income of an ordinary citizen? Does it exclude some social layers right from the start? Affordability It is enough to compare the appearance of neighbourhoods that are gated and non-gated to understand the reasons behind restricting access to several public spaces. Well-taken-care-of, carefully maintained, clean and well managed- it is almost exclusively those [neighbourhoods (PolaÅ„ska: 2010)] gated by high fences or watched over by guards. Devastated, worn-out, trampled, decorated with daubes on their walls, with cars parking wherever its possible- these are those opened to the public, where the order is theoretically supposed to be protected by the police, but nobody is protecting in practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ PiÄâ„ ¢kno Kapitalizmu (The Beauty of Capitalism) Majcherek, A. Gazeta Wyborcza, November 15, 2007 (translation: PolaÅ„ska: 2010) SOCIO-URBAN IMPACT OF GATED COMMUNITIES ____ (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Ajajajaj I think Ill leave the house Have a wonder around the city Ajajajaj Ajajajaj My estate is guarded Sometimes I feel here Like in Auschwitz Or in custody But I like it here I live here a while Although I wasnt born here Ive been always a visitor Ajajajaj (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staczyk, Z. (2001): T-Love ZÅ‚y Wtorek (Bad Tuesday) THE SOLUTION (CASE/COMPARISON STUDIES) CASE STUDIES: Two Gated Estates in SÅ‚upsk / Poland: Two estates situated in authors home town, which have been gated after the proposal put forward by the housing association has been voted for. One with a higher crime figure than the other. The author believes that the crime figures differ because of the setting of both of these enclaves. The fence creates only an aura of security. Estate 1: suburbs / surrounded by single family homes / new built hospital on the other side of the street / greenery well groomed (small patches of green space within) / no security (Defensible Space Theory O. Newman milieu- proof of frequent appearance of inhabitants) / one local shop, accessed from within the gated community (from residents interviews the gates had to be opened to the wider public [pedestrian access], as the local shop could not be supported by the clients from within the community only. The same problem has been encountered in Marina Mokotà ³w. -Estate 2: city centre / surrounded by various types of housing blocks / no local shop within gated community / local park possible thieves hide out? / no security (approx 200m) From residential interviews: both of these communities suffer from lack of internal open green / play space, mainly used for car parking shared Dogs not allowed to be taken for a walk within the gated blocks. Children play space: within the community (shared surface) or outside the gates. Comparing to Marina Mokotà ³w: Size of the gated communities 1 2 occupy one city block -Marina Mokotà ³w Warsaw / Poland KuryÅ‚owicz Associates Biggest new built gated community in Warsaw (22 ha). Number of units: 1500 (residential buildings, houses, residences). Overall green / play space within gated community: approx. 60%. From Architects interview (found on the web) original design: whole land to be fenced. Result: whole land fenced + individual buildings within the gated community fenced additionally. Highest quality materials used throughout / gardens, alleys, squares, fountains, waterfalls, pergolas, lake, internal roads within GC (city within a city?) / ground floor uses: trading posts, restaurants, bars, shops etc. (again, gates had to be opened to the wider public [pedestrian access], as the local shops could not be supported by the clients from within the community only: Crisis In Marina Mokotà ³w: barriers up Gazeta StoÅ‚eczna. 17 September 2009) encountered huge dissatisfaction / opposition from local residents. Off street car parking (insufficient number ) / underground car parking (additional fee) Bibliography_V3: Atkinson, R., Flint, J., Blandy, S., Lister, D. 2003. Gated Communities in England, New Horizons project: University of Glasgow and Sheffield Hallam University Bartoszewicz, D. 2009. Kryzys w Marinie Mokotà ³w: szlabany w gà ³rÄâ„ ¢ (Crisis In Marina Mokotà ³w: barriers up) Gazeta StoÅ‚eczna. 17 September Blakely, J., Snyder, M. 1997. Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States, Washington, D.C. Brookings Institution Press Blandy, S. 2007. Gated Communities in England as a response to crime and disorder: context, effectiveness and implication

Differences in Chinese and Japanese Art :: Essays Papers

Differences in Chinese and Japanese Art Architecture In China, very few pieces of architecture are still intact. Most of the influential architecture left is the Forbidden City. One main idea in Chinese architecture is walled cities, like Beijing and Chang’an. These cities are rectangular in shape and have streets that run north, south, east, and west like a grid pattern. The Chinese architecture concentrates on the balance and symmetries. The palace in the center of the city is based on the idea of the harmony of the universe and its cosmic order. In Japan, the architecture is based on grand palaces. Huge palaces were built and protected with many weapons and fortified for strength. Narrow passageways and mazes of stairs are common in the castles. The sense of power in the country is obvious in the location of the buildings. The buildings in Japan are always asymmetrical, opposite of China. Paintings and Art In China, most of the artists worked not for money but for themselves, so their paintings and art were forms of individual expression. They tried to express themselves with symbols and personal terms. The most common types of paintings were literati paintings which were characterized by unassuming brushwork, subtle colors, and the use of landscape as personal meaning. Literati painters painted for each other and used canvases like handscrolls, hanging scrolls and album leaves. Many of the paintings expressed the painters personality. One Chinese painter, Ni Zan, has a famous painting called The Rongxi Studio. It is done in ink and has mountains, rocks, trees and a building. The painting has little detail and is painted with the dry brush technique, like Zan’s personality, a noble spirit. In Japan, the paintings and art concentrated on a love of nature, a sense of humor and asymmetry. Ink painting was popular and used the canvas as part of the picture. One student in Japan, Bunsei, painted a picture called Landscape. It is on a hanging scroll.

Embryos :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mechanisms of Epiboly of ectoderm in the Xenopus Laevis embryo Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Epiboly is a movement of gastrulation in the amphibian embryo, whereby ectodermal precursors expand to cover the entire embryo. This process occurs in the surface and deep layer cells in the animal and marginal regions. Three rounds of cell division occur in the deep cells, while they also rearrange to form fewer layers. Superficial cells elongate by cell division while flattening, which gives them greater surface area and thinner depth. The ectoderm eventually covers the entire embryo, internalizing the endoderm. This process sets up the correct position for the three germ layers, with the ectoderm on the outside, mesoderm in the middle and endoderm on the inside. Keller (1980) found that superficial cells spread, divide, and undergo rearrangements and a temporary change in shape, which produces an increase in area. The deep cells become thinner and decrease in the number of layers. They do this by a process called radial interdigitation. Radial interdigitation is when the deep cells elongate, extend protrusions between one another along radii of the embryo and interdigitate to form fewer layers with greater area. Once this process is complete, the deep region consists of one layer of columnar cells, which flatten and spread to further increase area. In the dorsal marginal zone the cells also undergo a shape change, which is not seen in the cells of the animal region. The difference may be due to the uniform spreading in the animal region contrasted with extension and convergence that occurs in the dorsal marginal zone. In his work on time-lapse films of exogastrulae, Keller (1980) found that the ectoderm becomes corrugated by rapid constrictions of the apices of superficial cells and by the appearance of holes in the epithelium. From this, he suggested that shrinkage, rather than expansion aids in epiboly of the ectoderm. He presents a model (see Figure 1) in which the superficial layer is under tension and the force for expansion must come from the deep cells. The expansion of the deep region is resisted by the tension in the superficial layer resulting in an outward curling of the bilayer (deep and superficial layers).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An alternative model (see Figure 2) is also proposed, in which the superficial epithelium is stretched by tension at the margin of the blastopore, which initiates the superficial cells to spread passively (Keller, 1980). While the deep cells rearrange themselves to occupy the areas now available that were once occupied by the superficial cells.

Should the Australian flag be changed? :: essays research papers

SHOULD THE AUSTRALIAN FLAG BE CHANGED? The Australian flag was chosen in 1901, when a competition was held to design our country’s flag. The guidelines of this competition included that the Union Jack and Southern Cross should appear on the flag. However, I believe that in the year 2001, the Australian flag needs to be changed. During the course of this essay, I will show that the Australian flag does not represent all Australians, in particular, Aboriginal Australians and that the symbols on our flag are no longer relevant and are not unique to Australia. I will also show that the present flag is not instantly recognisable and is too similar to flags of other countries. The current Australian flag does not represent all Australians, in particular, Aborigines. As a nation, Australia is heading towards Aboriginal reconciliation and by changing our flag to include Aboriginal elements, we would take reconciliation a major step further. By acknowledging publicly that Aborigines are a part of our nation, not only are we making it clear to Aborigines that we want to reconcile, but we are also sending out a message to other countries that we are proud to be a multi-cultural country. Our current flag suggests that as a country, we value Great Britain more highly than our own native people. Yet when the AGB conducted a nation-wide survey it discovered that 66% of those polled supported elements of the Aboriginal flag appearing on a new Australian flag. This is another example of our current flag not representing Australians. The Union Jack featured on the Australian flag may once have been relevant, but today holds no special significance for Australia. The Union Jack, a prominent aspect of our flag, symbolises the uniting of England, Scotland and Ireland, to form Great Britain. This was an historic event but even so this is not important to Australia. Some people believe the Union Jack is vital for our flag to symbolise our ties with Britain. However these people often over look the fact that Australia, which is often referred to as the ‘Land of Migrants,’ is made up of a population of which almost 40% of the people are not born here. Much of our population has migrated form other parts of Europe, Asia, South America and Africa. Therefore our ties with Britain are less important and meaningful. If we remove the Union Jack from our flag, this does not mean that Great Britain will not assist us if we find ourselves in need of their aid.

Popularity of Short Message Service (Sms) Usage & Its Effect on Written Language Deterioration

Communication technology is changing our way of life. Language is no exception. Some language researchers argue that written language is deteriorating due to the increase usage of electronic communication. The present study investigated 50 mobile phone users selected randomly using Short Messaging Service (SMS) as one of their daily communication tools with the purpose to find out whether SMS language will cause written language deterioration in Malaysia. SMS language is defined as using abbreviations, newly created words, code-switching, code-mixing and emoticons in the messages. The findings indicated that the majority of the respondents agree that SMS language causes written language deterioration. This could be because messages are full of spoken-like spelling, unconventional use of punctuation and abbreviations, and ungrammatical sentence in order to conform to the conditions of electronic communication to reduce space, time and effort. Although the language change due to the advancements in electronic communication technology is inevitable, we have to bear in mind that the negative impact on the written language has to do with the technology users not the technology itself. Introduction What is communication? Communication is a process of transferring information whereby information is enclosed in a package and is channeled and imparted by a sender to a receiver using a channel (Wikipedia). In recent years, mobile phone has been viewed as an important communication tool and has become an integral part of the Malaysian society. Nowadays, it is very common to see Malaysians chatting or texting on their mobile phones in the streets, in the shopping malls, while waiting for public transportations to the point that the mobile phone has become an essential item to some people especially the younger generation. The mobile phone first appeared in Malaysia in 1998 and was mainly used by professionals. It was bulky, expensive, and built with basic features such as voice call. Today, mobile phones are equipped with other hi-tech features that allow faster communication and entertainment such as Short Message Service (SMS), MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3) player, games, internet and videos. These additional features attracted people from all walks of life including the younger generation, and consequently led to the increase in the number of mobile phone users in Malaysia. According to the survey conducted by the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC), there were 24,253,000 mobile phone subscribers in Malaysia at end March 2008. It was also reported that as many as 50. 7% mobile phone users send out an average of five (5) SMSes a day. Compared to 2004 which recorded a percentage of 31. 7%, the number of mobile phone users sending out an average of five (5) SMSes per day has increased by 19% (Hand Phone Users Survey, 2008). The factors which have contributed to the popularity of SMS usage could be due to its widespread usage, mobility, low cost and convenience. For example, sending a message via text to a family or friend across the country or even living abroad, would be cheaper than the cost of roaming and long distance phone charges. SMS is extensively used not only for communication purposes, but also as a major marketing tool due to its low cost. Besides that, it is also very convenient for mobile phone users. A message can be easily and quickly transmitted just by pressing a few buttons instead of the conventional method of waiting for the telephone call to be put through or waiting to leave a voice message after a lengthy and annoying answering machine message. Due to character limitations and restrictions in a SMS message, it is a common practice for SMS users to maximize the contents of the messages sent by using abbreviations, newly created words, code-switching, code-mixing and emoticons in their SMS messages. How has this increasingly popular practice affect our written language then? As most Malaysians are multi-lingual, will the widespread use of SMS cause language deterioration? This research aims to investigate and analyze the relationship between SMS usage and whether it causes language deterioration in Malaysia by using abbreviations, newly created words, code-switching, code-mixing and emoticons in the messages.

Why Tough Teachers Get Good Results

I had a teacher once who called his students â€Å"idiots† when they screwed up. He was our orchestra conductor, a fierce Ukrainian immigrant named Jerry Kupchynsky, and when someone played out of tune, he would stop the entire group to yell, â€Å"Who eez deaf in first violins!? † He made us rehearse until our fingers almost bled. He corrected our wayward hands and arms by poking at us with a pencil. Today, he'd be fired.But when he died a few years ago, he was celebrated: Forty years' worth of ormer students and colleagues flew back to my New Jersey hometown from every corner of the country, old instruments in tow, to play a concert in his memory. I was among them, toting my long-neglected viola. When the curtain rose on our concert that day, we had formed a symphony orchestra the size of the New York Philharmonic. I was stunned by the outpouring for the gruff old teacher we knew as Mr. K. But I was equally struck by the success of his former students.Some were musici ans, but most had distinguished themselves in other fields, like law, academia and medicine. Research tells us that there is a positive correlation between music education and academic achievement. But that alone didn't explain the belated surge of gratitude for a teacher who basically tortured us through adolescence. We're in the midst of a national wave of self-recrimination over the U. S. education system. Every day there is hand-wringing over our students falling behind the rest of the world. Fifteen-year-olds in the U. S. rail students in 12 other nations in science and 17 in math, bested by their counterparts not Just in Asia but in Finland, Estonia and the Netherlands, too. An entire industry of books and consultants has grown up that capitalizes on our collective fear that American education is inadequate and asks what American educators are doing wrong. I would ask a different question. What did Mr. K do right? What can we learn from a teacher whose methods fly in the face of everything we think we know about education today, but who was undeniably effective? As it turns out, quite a lot.Comparing Mr. K's methods with the latest findings in fields from music to math to medicine leads to a single, startling conclusion: It's time to revive old-fashioned education. Not Just traditional but old-fashioned in the sense that so many of us knew as kids, with strict discipline and unyielding demands. complain if a teacher called my kids names. But the latest evidence backs up my modest proposal. Studies have now shown, among other things, the benefits of moderate childhood stress; how praise kills kids' self-esteem; and why grit is a better predictor of success than SAT scores.All of which flies in the face of the kinder, gentler philosophy that has dominated American education over the past few decades. The conventional wisdom holds that teachers are supposed to tease nowledge out of students, rather than pound it into their heads. Projects and collaborative learning are applauded; traditional methods like lecturing and memorization†derided as â€Å"drill and kill†Ã¢â‚¬ are frowned upon, dismissed as a surefire way to suck young minds dry of creativity and motivation. But the conventional wisdom is wrong.And the following eight principles†a manifesto if you will, a battle cry inspired by my old teacher and buttressed by new research†explain why. 1. A little pain is good for you. Psychologist K. Anders Ericsson gained fame for his research showing that true xpertise requires about 10,000 hours of practice, a notion popularized by Malcolm Gladwell in his book â€Å"Outliers. † But an often-overlooked finding from the same study is equally important: True expertise requires teachers who give â€Å"constructive, even painful, feedback,† as Dr.Ericsson put it in a 2007 Harvard Business Review article. He assessed research on top performers in fields ranging from violin performance to surgery to compute r programming to chess. And he found that all of them â€Å"deliberately picked unsentimental coaches who would challenge them and drive them to higher levels of performance. † 2. Drill, baby, drill. Rote learning, long discredited, is now recognized as one reason that children whose families come from India (where memorization is still prized) are creaming their peers in the National Spelling Bee Championship.This cultural difference also helps to explain why students in China (and Chinese families in the U. S. ) are better at math. Meanwhile, American students struggle with complex math problems because, as research makes abundantly clear, they lack fluency in basic addition and subtraction†and few of them were made to memorize their times tables. William Klemm of Texas A;M University argues that the U. S. needs to reverse the bias gainst memorization. Even the U. S.Department of Education raised alarm bells, chastising American schools in a 2008 report that bemoaned the lack of math fluency (a notion it mentioned no fewer than 17 times). It concluded that schools need to embrace the dreaded â€Å"drill and practice. † 3. Failure is an option. Kids who understand that failure is a necessary aspect of learning actually perform better. In a 2012 study, 111 French sixth-graders were given anagram problems that were too difficult for them to solve. One group was then told that failure and trying again are part of the learning process.On subsequent tests, those children onsistently outperformed their peers. The fear, of course is that failure will Bowling Green State University graduate student followed 31 Ohio band students who were required to audition for placement and found that even students who placed lowest â€Å"did not decrease in their motivation and self-esteem in the long term. † The study concluded that educators need â€Å"not be as concerned about the negative effects† of picking winners and losers. 4. Strict is be tter than nice. What makes a teacher successful?To find out, starting in 2005 a team of researchers led by Claremont Graduate University education professor Mary Poplin spent five ears observing 31 of the most highly effective teachers (measured by student test scores) in the worst schools of Los Angeles, in neighborhoods like South Central and Watts. Their No. 1 finding: â€Å"They were strict,† she says. â€Å"None of us expected that. † The researchers had assumed that the most effective teachers would lead students to knowledge through collaborative learning and discussion. Instead, they found disciplinarians who relied on traditional methods of explicit instruction, like lectures. The core belief of these teachers was, ‘Every student in my room is underperforming ased on their potential, and it's my Job to do something about it†and I can do something about it,'† says Prof. Poplin. She reported her findings in a lengthy academic paper.But she says that a fourth-grader summarized her conclusions much more succinctly this way: â€Å"When I was in first grade and second grade and third grade, when I cried my teachers coddled me. When I got to Mrs. T's room, she told me to suck it up and get to work. I think she's right. I need to work harder. 5. Creativity can be learned. The rap on traditional education is that it kills children's' creativity. But Temple University psychology professor Robert W. Weisberg's research suggests Just the opposite. Prof. Weisberg has studied creative geniuses including Thomas Edison, Frank Lloyd Wright and Picasso†and has concluded that there is no such thing as a born genius. Most creative giants work ferociously hard and, through a series of incremental steps, achieve things that appear (to the outside world) like epiphanies and breakthroughs. Prof.Weisberg analyzed Picasso's 1937 masterpiece Guernica, for instance, which was painted after the Spanish city was bombed by the Germans. The pai nting is considered a fresh and original concept, but Prof. Weisberg found instead hat it was closely related to several of Picasso's earlier works and drew upon his study of paintings by Goya and then-prevalent Communist Party imagery. The bottom line, Prof. Weisberg told me, is that creativity goes back in many ways to the basics. â€Å"You have to immerse yourself in a discipline before you create in that discipline.It is built on a foundation of learning the discipline, which is what your music teacher was requiring of you. † 6. Grit trumps talent. In recent years, University of Pennsylvania psychology professor Angela Duckworth has studied spelling bee champs, IVO' League undergrads and cadets at the U. S. Military Academy in West Point, N. Y. †all together, over 2,800 subjects. In all of them, she found that grit†defined as passion and perseverance for long-term goals†is the correlated with talent. Close Arthur Montzka Tough on the podium, Mr. Kwas alw ays appreciative when he sat in the audience.Above, applauding his students in the mid-1970s. Prof. Duckworth, who started her career as a public school math teacher and Just won a 2013 MacArthur â€Å"genius grant,† developed a â€Å"Grit Scale† that asks people to rate themselves on a dozen statements, like â€Å"l finish whatever I begin† and â€Å"l become interested in new pursuits very few months. † When she applied the scale to incoming West Point cadets, she found that those who scored higher were less likely to drop out of the school's notoriously brutal summer boot camp known as â€Å"Beast Barracks. West Point's own measure†an index that includes SAT scores, class rank, leadership and physical aptitude†wasn't able to predict retention. Prof. Duckworth believes that grit can be taught. One surprisingly simple factor, she says, is optimism†the belief among both teachers and students that they have the ability to change and thus to improve. In a 009 study of newly minted teachers, she rated each for optimism (as measured by a questionnaire) before the school year began. At the end of the year, the students whose teachers were optimists had made greater academic gains. 7.Praise makes you weak†¦ My old teacher Mr. K seldom praised us. His highest compliment was â€Å"not bad. † It turns out he was onto something. Stanford psychology professor Carol Dweck has found that 10-year-olds praised for being â€Å"smart† became less confident. But kids told that they were â€Å"hard workers† became more confident and better performers. The whole point of intelligence praise is to boost confidence and motivation, but both were gone in a flash,† wrote Prof. Dweck in a 2007 article in the Journal Educational Leadership. â€Å"If success meant they were smart, then struggling meant they were not. 8†¦. while stress makes you strong. A 2011 University at Buffalo study found that a mode rate amount of stress in childhood promotes resilience. Psychology professor Mark D. Seery gave healthy undergraduates a stress assessment based on their exposure to 37 different kinds of significant negative events, such as death or illness of a family member. Then he plunged their hands into ice water.The students who had experienced a moderate number of stressful events actually felt less pain than those who had experienced no stress at all. Having this history of dealing with these negative things leads people to be more likely to have a propensity for general resilience,† Prof. Seery told me. â€Å"They are better equipped to deal with even mundane, everyday stressors. † Prof. Seery's findings build on research by University of Nebraska psychologist Richard Dienstbier, who pioneered the concept of â€Å"toughness†Ã¢â‚¬ the idea that dealing with even routine hings, like having a hardass kind of teacher,† Prof. Seery says. My tough old teacher Mr. K co uld have written the book on any one of these principles.Admittedly, individually, these are forbidding precepts: cold, unyielding, and kind of scary. But collectively, they convey something very different: confidence. At their core is the belief, the faith really, in students' ability to do better. There is something to be said about a teacher who is demanding and tough not because he thinks students will never learn but because he is so absolutely certain that they will. Decades later, Mr. K's former students finally figured it out, too. â€Å"He taught us discipline,† explained a violinist who went on to become an League-trained doctor. Self-motivation,† added a tech executive who once played the cello. â€Å"Resilience,† said a professional cellist. â€Å"He taught us how to fail†and how to pick ourselves up again. † Clearly, Mr. K's methods aren't for everyone. But you can't argue with his results. And that's a lesson we can all learn from. Ms. Lipman is co-author, with Melanie Kupchynsky, of â€Å"Strings Attached: One Tough Teacher and the Gift of Great Expectations,† to be published by Hyperion on Oct. 1. She is a former deputy managing editor of The Wall Street Journal and former editor-in-chief of Cond © Nast Portfolio.A version of this article appeared September 28, 2013, on page Cl in the U. S. edition of The Wall Street Journal, with the headline: Tough Teachers Get Results. Copyright 2012 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. Distribution and use of this material are governed by our Subscriber Agreement and by copyright law. For non-personal use or to order multiple copies, please contact.

Poe and His Literary Standards

An Examination of Poe’s Literary Standards In Comparison with His Own Writings Edgar Allan Poe, in addition to being a poet and master of the short story, proved to be extremely successful as a literary critic during the early nineteenth century. Possessing the innate ability to distinguish truly remarkable writing from the ordinary and unimpressive, Poe definitively asserted his views regarding the importance of certain aspects of the short story and poetry in several of his literary reviews, specifically his review of Nathanial Hawthorne’s text Twice Told Tales as well as his essay â€Å"The Philosophy of Composition. Poe especially stressed the importance of â€Å"unity of effect,† originality, as well as the revelation of truth in the short story and beauty in poetry. However despite his assertions regarding the importance of these aspects in literature it can be seen that Poe did not always adhere to his own critical standards. Poe asserted several things i n his review of Hawthorne’s Twice Told Tales the first of which claimed the short story to be one of the greatest form of prose in that the ‘tale,’ as he referred to the short story, â€Å"afforded[ing] the best prose opportunity for display of the highest talent† (Review).He believed that all good literature should be short enough to be read in one sitting but still maintain enough length to have lasting impact. He disliked the novel, and asserted that because of its immense length it did not have the ability to profoundly affect the reader on an emotional level, instead preferring poetry and ‘tales’. In his opinion these forms of literature possessed the ability to evoke an instinctual reaction of the baser instincts, which should be the objective of fictional literature.In this same review Poe asserted the importance of â€Å"unity of effect† in writing. He praised Hawthorne citing his writing as â€Å"purity itself† and that â€Å"his tone was [is] singularly effective- wild, plaintive, thoughtful, and in full accordance with his themes† (Review). In this aspect Poe himself is also very successful. In ‘tales’ such as â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† Poe ingeniously enthralls the audience through the use of evocative imagery depicting the extravagantly gothic landscape which complements the morose story.The opening line of this story immediately establishes the gloomy setting as well as the overwhelmingly oppressive feeling of the tale. Poe subsequently reinforces this throughout the story, utilizing dark imagery and language such as â€Å"with an utter depression of soul,† â€Å"an iciness, a sinking, a sickening of the heart – an unredeemed dreariness of thought which no goading of the imagination could torture into aught† (738). The negative connotations of the phrases only add to the shadowy, mysterious, and miserable sentiment expressed by Poe in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher. However, â€Å"the unity of effect† that Poe stressed to be so important in his review of Nathanial Hawthorne’s â€Å"Twice Told Tales† is imperfect. Scenes such as when the narrator recounts the story of the â€Å"Mad Trist† of Sir Launcelot Canning detracts from â€Å"the unity of effect. † This almost humorous scene disrupts the whole tone of the story and is an extreme contrast to the events detailed immediately prior and after the story. Poe also believed that all prose should be original, however, he, himself failed to be entirely original in several of his own works.Poe recycled important themes and pivotal plots. Themes focusing upon questions relating to death appear several times in Poe’s tales, as well as the issue of premature entombment can be seen in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† and â€Å"The Premature Burial. † All three of th ese stories focus the death of a character by way of premature burial. In â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† it is evident that it is Madeline Usher whose death is the focal point of the story.Her brother Roderick, continually expresses his fear that his sister is close to her falling victim to her long drawn out illness leaving him as â€Å"the last of the ancient race of Usher†, and it is she that eventually dies but not it is not the for the expected reason of her illness (742). Instead Madeline ultimately meets her demise at the hands of her brother who effectively ‘buries her alive’ while she is unconscious. Similarly the character Fortunato in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is the victim of an untimely interment at the hands of his supposed friend Montresor.In the third story focusing upon death and being buried alive, â€Å"The Premature Burial† the narrator who is also the main character of the story is preoccupied with his own dea th and has an irrational fear of being buried alive, and describes in great detail several instances in which this happened as well as all of the precautionary measures he himself has taken to prevent this from happening. Poe also reused themes such as mental instability and murder. In both â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† insanity is prevalent in the main characters.In the first tale it is displayed by Roderick Usher and in the second it is Montresor who displays an unsoundness of mind. In both of these stories Poe also features scenes in which secondary characters are intentionally buried alive as a result of the aforementioned insanity. Usher buries his sister alive and Montresor bricks his supposed friend Fortunato into a wall. In both instances these deaths are instances of murder, which is another prevalent theme in Poe’s body of work.This is particularly obvious in ‘The Cask of Amontillado† when Montreso r asserts that he had borne â€Å"the thousand injuries of Fortunato as best I could; but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge† (763). Murder also makes appearances in â€Å"The Tell-Tall Heart† as well as in some of Poe’s detective stories. While it is true that Poe did pen works extremely original, such as â€Å"The Man of the Crowd† however even this tale, which meets several of Poe’s requirements, does not fully comply.This story demonstrates no true underlying point, such as a clear emotional impact, establishment of an ironic situation, or statement about the nature of humanity, which Poe stressed as being important. He disliked didacticism and allegory, asserting these forms of literature to no longer be art as they contain an obvious point. Yet he found it important that art must have meaning, and preferred that the point of the piece be subtly instilled to the audience, as asserted in his literary review of Nathanial Hawthorneâ₠¬â„¢s Twice Told Tales.Poe’s essay â€Å"The Philosophy of Composition† furthermore asserts the belief that short stories may deal strictly with some aspect of truth, such as an emotional truth, as perceived within the confines of the fiction genre, while poetry should focus upon beauty. In this essay Poe extensively analyzes his own poem â€Å"The Raven,† asserting the many ways that it adheres to this belief. However Poe’s poem â€Å"A Sonnet to Science† contradicts this by failing to discuss beauty. In no way does this poem deal with any aspect of the beauty of science as the title ironically implies.Instead this poem is in fact about the truth of science and the perceived negative implications for art and society. An example of a similar contradiction would be â€Å"The Purloined Letter. † While this tale explicitly deals with truth it there is no true emotion conveyed in the piece, no true unity of effect that will leave a lasting impre ssion, which as mentioned earlier, Poe prized highly. Despite being extremely talented both as a master of the short story and a reviewer, Edgar Allan Poe was in several instances unable to adhere to the high standards he imposed on the authors whose many works he critiqued. Read also Edgar Allan Poe DrugsHis reuse of themes, placements of scenes such as the â€Å"Mad Trist† in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† and ironic statements regarding the state of society in poems such as the â€Å"Sonnet to Science† are all a part of what made Poe so talented as a writer and popular, particularly posthumously. However all of these things and more are examples of instances when Poe did not follow his own literary advice and adhere to the standards he himself outlined in essays such as â€Å"The Philosophy of Composition† and his review of Nathanial Hawthorne’s Twice Told Tales.

Erectile Dysfunction and Viagra Essay

Erectile Dysfunction and Viagra Essay Erectile Dysfunction and Viagra Essay Advanced Entrepreneurship â€Å"Intrapreneurship & Entrepreneurship† Abstract According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary, the word innovation is the beginning of a new fresh or unlike items, services, or procedures. But the word innovation can have many unlike suggestions or implications to various unlike people. For the utilizing of the word in the business field it can suggestion that people are revolving simple thoughts into cash, generating a value for people, openings that can make jobs , or an development of an item or service that already is present. Without new and original items businesses will not survive. There are eras when people and firms thought about making original goods intentionally. There are additional periods when people and firms attempt to make an invention but by mistake make an item of consumption that is being pioneered. There are numerous original manufactured goods that have been initiated all the way through the years. Digital cameras, iPods, the world web, kindle, and MP3 players are some of the numerous modern merchandise goods that have been initiated. The merchandise good that I have selected that is said to be a mistake is the product called Viagra. The intent of Viagra was to cure what is known as hypertension but was discovered to assist in the remedy of men who have a medical condition of erectile dysfunction. Viagra consents to men to obtain and keep under control of their sex life, but only with the aid of the so called â€Å"Blue Diamond† or â€Å"Little Blue Pill†. This is a fresh and original item of consumption to me. For the duration of the foremost stage of the medical test, Viagra demonstrated a small result on what it was proposed to be utilized for, but did encourage penile erections. For the period of the following stage of the medical test, it was determined to encourage the make use of the drug for erectile dysfunction. Subsequent to, the drug grew to be copyrighted in 1996, and was Established in the United States when it came to be permitted for the utilizing of erectile dysfunction by the U.S. FDA in March of 1998(Parnham, M. 2004) The method that was applied to establish the drug was known as intrapreneurship. Mr. Peter Dunn along with Mr. Albert Woods was two workers of the Pfizer pharmaceutical firm that formed this item of consumption known as Viagra. A small number of benefits for exercising the intrapreneurship method are that the progress of Viagra was properly supported by the firm. Including additional people in the group decrease the concern of jeopardy that were being in use following the initial stages of the medical tests were unsuccessful when it come to a decision on having this specific drug to take care of inability. The third benefit of this method is that it provides the firm with a larger brand for itself. The drug resulted in a vast sum of resources once the Viagra was accepted for purchase. A few of shortcomings of this method is for the reason that more than one person was operating on this product. The two people have to be confident that the two are in continuous contact on what was functioning, in order to present the drug flourishing in the market. Supervisors for the pharmaceutical firm were reliant on their members of staff in order to make a winning drug to take care of a definite form of health situations which in turn will position them out of their ease sector for the duration of day-to-day procedure. The single trial that the pharmaceutical firm had to tackle when produce Viagra in the marketplace, was getting the drug accepted by the Unites States FDA. I state this for the reason that the objective of Viagra was not to take care of erectile dysfunction. It is to be well thought out inventive throughout the era since the drug was the foremost drug that

The name of the rose essays

The name of the rose essays In the file The name of the Rose, the monks who run the Benedictine Order Abbey recognize that knowledge can be a very dangerous thing. Knowledge can be dangerous if it says that the truth is different from what the ruling authority says is the truth. Then such knowledge can become part of a revolution in thinking that destroys what people as the truth and a revolution that destroys the power of the ruling authority had accepted. It is this conflict between two different types of knowledge and two different ways of thinking that is at the center of the book mystery in the film. It is the conflict between the knowledge, the truth, and the ideas that are contained in an ancient book written by the old Greek philosopher Aristotle that has just been found by the Benedictine monks and the knowledge, the truth, and the ideas of the Christian Church that the Benedictine monks support. As Brother William (Sean Connery), the monk who has come to investigate the deaths at the Abbey, says, such book are seen as dangerous by the ruling Church authorities, because they contain a wisdom that is different from ours. The medieval Christian Church recognized how much power a book could have because Europe was defined by Christianity, a religion based on a book, the Bible. It was thanks to the Church that the practice of reading and writing survived in medieval Europe. From its beginnings, monasticism emphasized the importance of the collection, transcription and study of books, including trying to combine the Greek and Latin Classical tradition with Christian teachings. This is why in The Name of the rose, the scriptorium, the place in which old Greeks books are hand copied, has such as important place in the monastery. The scriptorium is huge, monks workday and night copying the old books, and the library in which the books are held contain many floors. When Brother William discovers the librar...

Essay on Visiting Spiritual Centers

Essay on Visiting Spiritual Centers Essay on Visiting Spiritual Centers Visiting Spiritual Centers As this class comes to an end, I have decided that I would like to continue my studies concerning the subject on my own. The information that I have been exposed to during the six weeks of this course has convinced me to be respectful and considerate in regards to the religious beliefs and practices of all religions, not just my own. This week’s application assignment gave us the opportunity to take a look at the places in which followers of various religions go to worship. In this document, I will describe the virtual tours of the Islamic, Hindu, and religious centers by providing details about the elements contained in them. I will also identify the similarities and differences between the characteristics of the spiritual centers and explain how these characteristics reflect each religion’s beliefs. I will conclude this document with a synopsis of how the visitation of these centers impacts my learning from this course. My first tour was of the Hindu temples. I immediately noticed that statues of the Hindu gods and goddesses. Statues of Gita, Durga, Rama, Krishna, and Shiva have been placed at the front of the temple with Rama being in the center. Statues of Hanuman and Ganesh are placed on the left and right sides. One of the temples I visited even had a partition that separated the areas as if worshipers are only allowed to get within a certain distance of the statues. The back of the temple is allocated for people to pray and there is also an area in the back of the temple for literature. There are pictures lining the walls of the area allocated for prayer. These pictures are depictions of the lives of the Hindu gods and goddesses. I believe the statues of the gods are placed in front of the temple because Hindus pray to different gods for different things. â€Å"Rama represents the concern, sensitivity, and tenderness of a male lover,† Durga â€Å"is the destroyer of evil,â₠¬  â€Å"Shiva, is thought of as the ‘lord of creatures’,† and Ganesh is â€Å"the god of good luck,† and Krishna is known as the reincarnate of the god known as Vishnu. (Nigosian, 2008) Next, I toured the Islamic temples. The Islamic temples are very complex. I took a tour of the Suleymaniye Mosque. It consists of multiple buildings that include education and social service buildings and even a guesthouse. The main entrance is gated. The entrance itself is adorned with golden inscriptions from the Quran. The prayer halls are covered with domes. The main dome contains paintings and scriptures. The walls are marked to indicate the direction of prayer as Muslims should face the Kaa’ba, the holy cube that is located in Mecca. There are also panels inscribed with quotations from the Quran on the entrance walls. The floor in the prayer dome is covered with red carpet that is designed to indicate individual spaces for people to pray. There is also an area in the temple where tourists are asked to stand so that they do not interrupt any activity in the mosque. Our textbook World Religions: A Historical Approach reveals that Muslims are required to pray five times a day. Prayer is usually performed in a mosque or another place of prayer. The temple also has a courtyard with floors made of marble. More than likely, the courtyard contains places for Muslims to wash their hands and feet. Clean hands and feet are required to enter the temple to pray. My final tour was of the Mormon temples. These temples have a few characteristics that are similar to the Christian churches I have visited. The exterior of the Mormon temple was grand. They have a baptistry where the living and deceased are baptized. The founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Later-Day Saints, Joseph Smith made claims of a revelation that deemed him to sanction â€Å"the ritual of baptism for the dead† (Nigosian, 2008). The Endowment room resembles the Christian church’s sanctuary, where the message of God is taught. The Mormon temple also has a room

Amy Fisher - The Long Island Lolita

Amy Fisher - The Long Island Lolita Amy Elizabeth Fisher was born on August 21, 1974. In her book, Amy Fisher: My Story, co-written with Sheila Weller, Amy wrote that she suffered early childhood trauma after a family member, repeatedly, sexually abused her. Then, at age 13, a man hired to work at her home raped her. In her very early teens, she was sexually active, eventually resulting in an unwanted pregnancy and abortion. The abuse she suffered as a child seemed to spur her promiscuous behavior, later in life. The Beginnings of the Sexual Affair: Amy met Joey Buttafuoco in May 1991, when she took her car to his auto shop for repairs. She began visiting the shop and hanging around Joey on a regular basis. Her attraction toward him grew. On July 2, with her car in repair, Joey offered to drive her home. While at her home, the two had their first sexual encounter in her bedroom. Joey was 35, married, with two children. Amy Fisher was 16 and in high school. For the next several months, the two solidified their love affair at local motels. Amys Total Focus Was On Joey: According to Amy, Joey often talked about his unhappiness in his marriage. Amy, in return, shared intimate details of her life to him. The relationship was going strong, but other areas of Amy’s life were beginning to unravel. She was doing badly in school and she lost interest in her friends and family. Her focus was on Joey. By August 1991, Amy was out of work and in need of money. Allegedly, Joey suggested she become an escort at a local escort service. Amy took his suggestion. The Ultimatum: Within a month, Amy was making good money as a prostitute. By November, her thoughts about Joey and his wife had become obsessive. She was jealous of Mary Jo and wanted her out of the picture. In frustration, she decided to give Joey an ultimatum - her or his wife. Joey picked his wife. Amy, stunned and hurt, ended the relationship. Unable to cope with the break-up, she cut her wrists, but the cuts were superficial. After the suicide attempt, Amy decided to try to get back to her normal life. Amy Dwells on Getting Rid of Mary Jo: Amy began dating Paul Makely, a co-owner of a local gym. But in January, Joey and Amy resumed their affair. Allegedly, Joey wasnt bothered by her being a prostitute, but he did get upset when he found out she was having a relationship with Makely. Not wanting to risk the refound relationship, Amy led Joey to believe that Makely was unimportant to her. She also began dwelling on how to get rid of Mary Jo, who she viewed as the biggest risk to her relationship with Joey. The Decision to Kill Mary Jo: On May 13, 1992, almost a year from the first time she met Joey, Amy decided, once and for all, to get rid of Mary Jo. She heard that Peter Guagenti could help her get a gun. Amy said that on that same evening, she shared her plan with Joey and that he supplied her with tips on how to shoot his wife. On May 15, Amy has stated that Joey contacted her to find out if she had a gun, which at that point she did not. Joey has always denied knowing anything about Amy’s plans to kill Mary Jo. Amy Shoots Mary Jo Buttafuoco: Amy contacted Guagenti, and the plan to kill Mary Jo was arranged. On May 17, she and Guagenti replaced his license plates with two that Amy had stolen. At 11:30 a.m., with Guagenti driving, the two went to the Buttafuoco home. Armed with a Titan .25 semi-automatic gun, Amy confronted Mary Jo on her front porch. After a short conversation, Amy hit Mary Jo with the gun, causing her to fall to the ground. While still on the ground, Amy shot her in the head. Mary Jo Struggles to Stay Alive: Neighbors quickly came to Mary Jo’s aid. Her chances for survival were bad. After several hours in surgery, Mary Jos condition stabilized, but the bullet remained lodged in her head. Joey told the police that Paul Makely and Pauls girlfriend, Amy, may have been involved in the shooting. He said he had given advice to Amy about not paying her boyfriends drug debt, and Makely, when finding out, sought vengeance. The police doubted his story and suspected he was hiding something. Mary Jo Identifies Amy as Her Attacker: On May 20, Mary Jo was conscious and giving police the details of the shooting. Joey, knowing the police were getting close to the truth about his love affair, told the police the shooter might have been Amy Fisher. Mary Jo identified Amy as the shooter from a picture she was shown. The police, unable to locate Amy, asked Joey to contact her and find out where she was. He reluctantly obliged. On May 21, the police arrested Amy Fisher, at her home, for the shooting of Mary Jo Buttafuoco. The Long Island Lolita: Amy told the police that the shooting was a mistake - that the gun discharged when she hit Mary Jo on the head. Knowing Joey had turned against her, she also told them that Joey had given her the gun and that the two were lovers - a charge Joey denied. On May 29, Amy pled not guilty to the charges of attempted murder in the second degree, armed felony, assault, and criminal use of a firearm. The national press dubbed Amy the Long Island Lolita. Friends and former clients obliterated what was left of her credibility by selling the press videos that had been secretly filmed of her, and agreeing to interviews in which they would bash her character. Amys bail was set at $2 million, the highest in the history of Nassau County, Long Island. After two months in jail, Amys bail was secured, but only after she agreed to give up the rights of her story to KLM Productions. Her lawyer then arranged a plea agreement in which Amy would spend up to fifteen years in prison in exchange for testimony against Joey. Amy Fisher accepted the plea agreement and was sentenced accordingly. Guagenti spent six months in prison for giving Amy the gun. In 1993, the DA charged Joey with statutory rape. Amy testified about their sexual affair. Joey was indicted on felony charges of rape, sodomy, and endangering the welfare of a minor. With the evidence against him mounting, Joey pled guilty to one count of statutory rape. He served six months in prison. Amy was released from prison after seven years. In 2003, she married a man she met online, who is 24-years older than her, and the father of her son. Now a columnist for the Long Island Press, she won a Media Award for Column-News from the Society of Professional Journalists in 2004. Her new book, If I Knew Then... is out, and she hopes it will help others. Source: Long Island Press and Amy Fisher: My Story

Aristotelian Criticism of Jimmy Carters Speech for Gerald Fords Eulogy Essay Example

Aristotelian Criticism of Jimmy Carters Speech for Gerald Fords Eulogy Essay Example Aristotelian Criticism of Jimmy Carters Speech for Gerald Fords Eulogy Paper Aristotelian Criticism of Jimmy Carters Speech for Gerald Fords Eulogy Paper 1976 was the first time in the United States history where presidential candidates would debate head to head, sharing the stage and increasing competition. Gerald Ford was expected to come ahead, but his opponent Jimmy Carter was perceived as confident and a fierce contender. Many argue that Gerald Ford’s downfall was due to the pardon of President Nixon, while others thought he faltered during the live broadcasted debate in San Francisco, with his response to his â€Å"international policy leadership. (CNN Time) Nevertheless, come election day, Jimmy Carter was the new Commander in Chief. Although their rivalry was aggressive, the two stayed friends and worked closely on many national matters, such as â€Å"the Panama Canal treaties, nuclear armaments control with the Soviet Union and the Camp David accords. † (Carter) President Carter spoke at Ford’s funeral and Carter’s speech is a great example of how a speaker can convey condolence and affection for a worth adversary and friend. A Neo-Aristotelian Criticism, created in 1925, by Hervert A. Wichlen is an analysis that condones the use of the five cannons; invention, organization, style, memory and delivery. To begin with invention, one must describe the external proofs, meaning the context of the speech and background of the speaker and occasion and internal proofs, the affected audience and specific appeals used. Ethos appeal to ethics and morals, pathos, targeting emotions and logos, to engaging facts and logistics. The second foundation is organization, or the structure and arrangement of said artifact. This is looking at why and what manner the rhetor organized context. The third cannon is style, meaning the stylistic device the speaker chose to weave into his speech, such as alliteration, metaphors or allegories or just the style of language the rhetor uses. Next is memory. Has the rhetor memorized some, part or all of his speech? The final cannon is delivery, the actual presentation of the artifact. Examples are hand gestures, eye contact and other vocal devices. There are other elements in Neo- Aristotelian criticism, like public perception, audience, major ideas and long term effects. However, the method always utilizes most if not all of the five cannons. I will start my analysis of Former President Jimmy Carter’s eulogy with invention. Carter drew on ethos with his description of their faith and moral values, and the fact that both were former presidents increases credibility of both the rhetor and the man that was being remembered. Jimmy Carter also touches the logos, or factual side, reminding the people of the many challenges the president and America faced, such as â€Å"the Panama treaties, nuclear armaments control with the Soviet Union, normalized diplomatic relations with China,† and many other issues. f the occasion and nature of the speech, Carter appealed to pathos. He is also affecting the emotions of his audience, with his intimate stories of his time spent with Ford. Another example is the personal amusement the two presidents shared with the cartoon in the â€Å"New Yorker,† (Carter), or the light hearted jokes Carter strategically placed throughout the eulogy. He was sincere, but he did not let th e mood turn to one of somberness. On that note I’ll move into the next cannon, organization. While the occasion is one of seriousness, Carter brings humor to the table. He carefully structures his speech to follow the pattern of a serious or intimate anecdote, followed by a small joke or humorous story of Ford and himself. This successfully keeps the atmosphere respectful, however all can smile in remembrance of Ford’s life and happy moments. Not only does he regulate the mood, but also the audience’s attention. By revealing personal stories, he invites the audience into not only Ford’s life, but his too. Carter’s introduction and conclusion is the same line, â€Å"For myself and for our nation, I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land. † (Carter) This is successful arrangement because it draws all the anecdotes and jokes back to the occasion, celebrating a friend and national representative. As I mentioned before, Jimmy Carter uses many small stories, or anecdotes, throughout his speech. Carter also uses a cathartic strategy, which can be explained as a release of strong emotion, and in this situation his eulogy is his release. His approach is personal, listing the names of his family members, and the Ford family members. This adds to the sincerity of the eulogy because he is talking directly to the family, instead of a broad out reach to the audience. Since the artifact was not memorized, the final cannon I want to address is the delivery. Carter’s delivery fit his purpose perfectly. He respectfully honored a great person. The slow pace of his presentation represents the solemnity of the matter. Carter also takes time to look out into the audience as he speaks which shows that he is trying to also make a connection on a personal level. Overall, Jimmy Carter accomplished his goal in giving a memorable and respectable speech in honor of former President Gerald Ford. Through his context, organization, style and delivery Carter effectively demonstrates a professional, yet personal method that consoles and reminisces of a former adversary and friend. Bibliography Foss, Sonja K. Rhetorical Criticism: Exploration Practice. 4th ed. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 1989. Print. Carter, Jimmy. Carter Center Editorials and Speeches Jimmy Carter Eulogy for Gerald R. Ford. Carter Center Editorials and Speeches Jimmy Carter Eulogy for Gerald R. Ford. The Carter Center, 3 Jan. 2007. Web. 09 Sept. 2012. . 1976 Presidential Debates. AllPolitics. Ed. Unknown. CNN. com, 1996. Web. 09 Sept. 2012. . Goodrigde, Elisabeth. Gerald Ford v. Jimmy Carter: There Is No Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe U. S. News and World Report. U. S. News and World Report, 17 Jan. 2008. Web. 9 Sept. 2012. .

When the Was Titanic Found

When the Was Titanic Found After the sinking of the Titanic on April 15, 1912, the great ship slumbered on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean for over 70 years before its wreckage was discovered. On September 1, 1985, a joint American-French expedition, headed by famous American oceanographer Dr. Robert Ballard, found the Titanic over two miles below the ocean’s surface by using an unmanned submersible called Argo. This discovery gave new meaning to the Titanic’s sinking and gave birth to new dreams in ocean exploration. The Titanic’s Journey Built in Ireland from 1909 to 1912 on behalf of the British-owned White Star Line, the Titanic officially left the European port of Queenstown, Ireland, on April 11, 1912. Carrying over 2,200 passengers and crew, the great ship  began its maiden voyage across the Atlantic, headed for New York. The Titanic carried passengers from all walks of life. Tickets were sold to first-, second-, and third-class passengers- the latter group largely consisting of immigrants seeking a better life in the United States. Famous first-class passengers included J. Bruce Ismay, the managing director of the White Star Line; business magnate Benjamin Guggenheim; and members of the Astor and Strauss families. The Sinking of the Titanic Only three days after setting sail, the Titanic struck an iceberg at 11:40 p.m. on April 14, 1912, somewhere in the North Atlantic. Although it took the ship over two and a half hours to sink, the vast majority of the crew and passengers perished due to a significant lack of lifeboats and improper use of those that did exist. The lifeboats could have held over 1,100 people, but only 705 passengers  were saved; nearly 1,500 perished the night the Titanic sank. People around the world were shocked when they heard that the â€Å"unsinkable† Titanic had sunk. They wanted to know the details of the disaster. Yet, however much the survivors could share, theories about how and why the Titanic sank would remain unsubstantiated until the wreckage of the great ship could be found. There was just one problem- no one was sure exactly where the Titanic had sunk. An Oceanographers Pursuit For as long as he could remember, Robert Ballard had wanted to find the wreckage of the Titanic. His  childhood in San Diego, California, near the water sparked his life-long fascination with the ocean, and he learned to scuba dive as soon as he was able. After graduating from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1965 with degrees in both chemistry and geology, Ballard signed up for the Army. Two years later, in 1967, Ballard transferred to the Navy, where he was assigned to the Deep Submergence Group at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Research Institution in Massachusetts, thus beginning his illustrious career with submersibles. By 1974, Ballard had received two doctoral degrees (marine geology and geophysics) from the University of Rhode Island and had spent a lot of time conducting deep-water dives in Alvin,  a manned submersible he helped design. During subsequent dives in 1977 and 1979 near the Galapagos Rift, Ballard helped discover hydrothermal vents, which led in turn to the discovery of  the amazing plants that grew around these vents. Scientific analysis of these plants led to the discovery of chemosynthesis, a process in which plants use chemical reactions rather than sunlight to get energy. However many shipwrecks Ballard explored and however much of the ocean floor he mapped, Ballard never forgot about the Titanic. â€Å"I always wanted to find the Titanic, Ballard has said.  That was a Mt. Everest in my world- one of those mountains that had never been climbed.†* Planning the Mission Ballard wasn’t the first to try to find the Titanic. Over the years, there had been several teams that  had set out to find the wreckage of the famous ship; three of them had been funded by millionaire oilman Jack Grimm. On his last expedition in 1982, Grimm had taken an underwater picture of what he believed to be a propeller from the Titanic; others believed it was only a rock. The hunt for the Titanic was to continue, this time with Ballard. But first, he needed funding. Given Ballards history with the U.S. Navy, he decided to ask them to fund his expedition. They agreed, but not because they had a vested interest in finding the long-lost ship. Instead, the Navy  wanted to use the technology Ballard would create to also help them find and investigate the wreckage of two nuclear submarines (the USS Thresher and the USS Scorpion) that had been mysteriously lost in the 1960s. Ballard’s search for the Titanic provided a nice cover story for the Navy, who wanted to keep their search for their lost submarines a secret from the Soviet Union. Amazingly, Ballard maintained the secrecy of his mission even as he built the technology and used it to find and explore the remains of the USS Thresher  and the remains of the USS Scorpion. While Ballard was investigating these wreckages, he learned more about debris fields, which would prove crucial in finding the  Titanic. Once his secret mission was complete, Ballard was able to focus on searching for the Titanic. However, he  now had only two weeks in which to do it. Locating the Titanic It was late August 1985 when Ballard finally began his search. He  had invited a French research team, led by Jean-Louis Michel, to join this expedition. Aboard the Navy’s oceanographic survey ship, the Knorr, Ballard and his team headed to the likely location of the Titanic’s resting place- 1,000 miles due east of Boston, Massachusetts. While previous expeditions had used close sweeps of the ocean floor to search for the Titanic, Ballard  decided to conduct mile-wide sweeps in order to cover more area. He was able to do this for two reasons. First, after examining the wreckage of the two submarines, he discovered that ocean currents often swept lighter pieces of the wreck downstream, thus leaving a long debris trail. Secondly, Ballard had engineered a new unmanned submersible (Argo) that could explore wider areas, dive deeper, stay underwater for many weeks, and deliver crisp and clear pictures of what it found. This meant that Ballard and his team could stay on board the Knorr and monitor the images taken from Argo, with the hopes that those images would capture small, man-made pieces of debris. The Knorr arrived in the area on August 22, 1985, and began sweeps of the area using Argo. In the early morning hours of September 1, 1985, the first glimpse of the Titanic in 73 years appeared on Ballard’s screen. Exploring 12,000 feet below the ocean’s surface, the Argo relayed the image of one of the Titanic’s boilers embedded within the sandy surface of the ocean’s floor. The team on the Knorr was ecstatic about the discovery, although the realization that they were floating atop the graves of nearly 1,500 individuals lent a somber tone to their celebration. The expedition proved to be instrumental in shedding light on the Titanic’s sinking. Prior to the discovery of the wreckage, there was some belief that the Titanic had sunk in one piece. The 1985 images did not give researchers definitive information on the ship’s sinking; however, it did establish some basic foundations that countered early myths. Subsequent Expeditions Ballard returned to the Titanic in 1986 with new technology that allowed him to further explore the interior of the majestic ship. Images were collected that showed the remains of the beauty that so captivated those who had seen the Titanic at its height. The Grand Staircase, still-hanging chandeliers, and intricate  iron-work were all photographed during Ballard’s second successful expedition. Since 1985, there have been several dozen expeditions to the Titanic. Many of these expeditions have been controversial since salvagers brought up several thousand artifacts from the ship’s remains. Ballard has been widely outspoken against these efforts, claiming that he felt the ship deserved to rest in peace. During his two initial expeditions, he decided not to bring any discovered artifacts to the surface. He felt that others should honor the sanctity of the wreckage in a similar fashion. The most proliferate salvager of Titanic artifacts has been RMS Titanic Inc.  The company has brought many notable artifacts to the surface, including a large piece of the ship’s hull, passenger luggage, dinnerware, and even documents preserved in oxygen-starved compartments of steamer trunks. Due to negotiations between its predecessor company and the French government, the RMS Titanic group initially could not sell the artifacts, only put them on display and charge admission to recoup expenses and generate profit. The largest exhibition of these artifacts, over 5,500 pieces,  is located in Las Vegas, Nevada, at the Luxor Hotel, under the direction of the RMS Titanic Groups new name, Premier Exhibitions Inc. Titanic Returns to the Silver Screen Although the Titanic has been featured in numerous films through the years, it was James Cameron’s 1997 film, Titanic, that stimulated massive, worldwide interest in the ship’s fate. The movie became one of the most popular films ever made. The 100th Anniversary The 100th Anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic in 2012 also fueled renewed interest in the tragedy, 15 years after Cameron’s film. The wreckage site is now eligible to be named a protected area as a UNESCO World Heritage site, and Ballard is also working to preserve what remains. An expedition in August 2012  revealed that increased human activity has caused the ship to break down at a faster rate than previously expected. Ballard came up with a plan to slow the process of degradation- painting the Titanic while it remains 12,000 feet below the ocean’s surface- but the plan was never implemented.   The discovery of the Titanic was a momentous accomplishment,  but not only is the world conflicted about how to care for this historical wreck, but its existing artifacts could also now be in jeopardy. Premier Exhibitions Inc. filed for bankruptcy in 2016, asking permission from the bankruptcy court to sell the  Titanics artifacts. As of this publication, the court has not made a ruling on the request.